{"id":12288,"date":"2025-09-24T22:00:25","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/?p=12288"},"modified":"2026-10-19T06:10:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T04:10:43","slug":"solar-energy-laws-in-germany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-energy-laws-in-germany\/","title":{"rendered":"Solar Energy Laws in Germany Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Solar energy laws in Germany, explained simply: anyone planning a photovoltaic system deals with several sets of rules. The EEG governs the feed-in tariff, the Solar Peak Act governs feed-in at peak times, some federal states require solar panels on new buildings and roof renovations, and tax law makes private systems largely tax-free. Here you get a compact overview of what each law means for your <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-do-solar-panels-work-in-germany\/\">solar system in Germany<\/a>, with a link to our detailed guide on each topic.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are the Key Solar Energy Laws in Germany?<\/h2>\n<p>These are the rules that matter most for a private PV system:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Law<\/th>\n<th>What it governs<\/th>\n<th>What it means for you<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)<\/td>\n<td>Feed-in tariff, grid connection, priority for solar power<\/td>\n<td>A fixed payment for the power you feed in, for 20 years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Solar Peak Act (Solarspitzengesetz)<\/td>\n<td>Feed-in during power surpluses and negative prices<\/td>\n<td>New systems: feed-in limit without a smart meter, no payment at negative prices<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Metering Point Operation Act (MsbG)<\/td>\n<td>Installation of smart metering systems<\/td>\n<td>Smart meter required for systems above 7 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a7 14a Energy Industry Act (EnWG)<\/td>\n<td>Controllable devices such as heat pumps and wallboxes<\/td>\n<td>Reduced grid fees; in return the grid operator may limit their output in exceptional cases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Marktstammdatenregister (MaStR)<\/td>\n<td>Registration of all systems with the Federal Network Agency<\/td>\n<td>Entry within one month of commissioning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>VAT Act and Income Tax Act<\/td>\n<td>Taxes on purchase and operation<\/td>\n<td>0 % VAT, income from systems up to 30 kWp tax-free<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>State building codes and state solar laws<\/td>\n<td>Solar duty for new builds and roof renovations<\/td>\n<td>Depending on the state, a PV system may be mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>What Does the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) Regulate?<\/h2>\n<p>The EEG is the central law for solar power. It obliges the grid operator to connect your system and take the power you feed in, and it sets the feed-in tariff.<\/p>\n<h3>Feed-in tariff<\/h3>\n<p>The tariff is paid for 20 years from commissioning at the rate valid at that time. It depends on system size, commissioning date and type of feed-in. For systems up to 10 kWp commissioned since 1 August 2026, it is around 7.70 ct\/kWh with partial feed-in and around 12.22 ct\/kWh with full feed-in. The rates fall every six months. Details are in our guide to the <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/eeg-law-for-photovoltaics\/\">EEG law for photovoltaics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Planned EEG amendment<\/h3>\n<p>The federal cabinet has put forward a reform of the EEG that is due to apply from 2027. According to the cabinet draft, new small systems would receive only a time-limited transition payment instead of the fixed tariff for 20 years. The law has not been passed yet. Systems commissioned by 31 December 2026 keep the fixed tariff for 20 years. We explain the current status on our page about the <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/eeg-amendment\/\">EEG amendment<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Worked example: self-consumption counts more than feed-in<\/h3>\n<p>A 10 kWp system in the Hannover region produces around 9,100 kWh a year (893 kWh per kWp). If the household uses about 30 percent of it without a battery, it saves around \u20ac1,010 a year at an assumed electricity price of 37 ct\/kWh. The remaining approx. 6,370 kWh earn about \u20ac490 in feed-in payments at 7.70 ct\/kWh. Each kilowatt hour you use yourself is therefore worth around five times as much as one you feed in. Whether a system pays off for you is explained in detail in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/photovoltaics-worth-it\/\">is photovoltaics worth it<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Does the Solar Peak Act (Solarspitzengesetz) State?<\/h2>\n<p>The Solar Peak Act came into force on 25 February 2025. It aims to prevent more power being pushed into the grid on sunny days than is needed. Since then, the following applies to new systems:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>No payment at negative electricity prices:<\/strong> during these hours, power fed into the grid earns nothing. However, the affected periods are added to the end of the 20-year payment period.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feed-in limit without a smart meter:<\/strong> until a smart metering system with a control device is installed, the system may feed a maximum of 60 percent of its output into the grid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>More self-consumption pays off:<\/strong> a battery and an energy management system help you use midday power yourself instead of curtailing it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Existing systems are generally not affected. Find out more in our articles on the <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-peak-law\/\">Solar Peak Act<\/a> and on <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/power-storage-for-home\/\">battery storage for your home<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Smart meters and \u00a7 14a EnWG<\/h3>\n<p>For PV systems above 7 kW, the metering point operator must install a smart metering system. New heat pumps and wallboxes above 4.2 kW count as controllable consumer devices under \u00a7 14a EnWG: the grid operator may temporarily limit their output if the grid threatens to overload, and in return you pay reduced grid fees. How a PV system, heat pump and wallbox work together is explained in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/photovoltaics-with-heat-pumps-and-wallboxes\/\">photovoltaics with heat pumps and wallboxes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Solar Obligations Apply in Germany?<\/h2>\n<p>The solar duty is a matter for the federal states, so the rules differ considerably. At federal level, a gradual solar duty is planned, for new residential buildings from 2030 at the earliest. Until then, state law decides. This is the situation in our service area and in two large neighbouring states:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>State<\/th>\n<th>New build<\/th>\n<th>Roof renovation<\/th>\n<th>Minimum<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Lower Saxony (\u00a7 32a NBauO)<\/td>\n<td>Yes, all buildings with at least 50 m\u00b2 of roof, residential buildings since 1 January 2025<\/td>\n<td>Yes, since 1 January 2025 when the roof covering is renewed on 50 m\u00b2 or more<\/td>\n<td>50 % of the (renewed) roof area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bremen (Bremen Solar Act)<\/td>\n<td>Yes, for building applications after 1 July 2025<\/td>\n<td>Yes, since 1 July 2024 for a fundamental roof renovation<\/td>\n<td>New build: modules on 50 % of the roof area; renovation: at least 1 kW within two years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hamburg (Climate Protection Act)<\/td>\n<td>Yes, from 50 m\u00b2 of gross roof area<\/td>\n<td>Yes, since 1 January 2024 for a major roof conversion<\/td>\n<td>30 % of the gross (new build) or net roof area (existing)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Berlin (Berlin Solar Act)<\/td>\n<td>Yes, since 2023 for more than 50 m\u00b2 of usable floor area<\/td>\n<td>Yes, for major roof conversions<\/td>\n<td>30 % of the gross (new build) or net roof area (existing)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Other states such as Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg and North Rhine-Westphalia have their own solar duties, while some states have none yet. So always check the current rule in your state and clarify the details with the building authority.<\/p>\n<h3>Worked example for Lower Saxony<\/h3>\n<p>A new building with 120 m\u00b2 of roof area must cover at least 60 m\u00b2 with photovoltaics. With 425 Wp modules of just under 2 m\u00b2 each, that is around 30 modules or about 12 to 13 kWp. The actual result depends on the roof shape, dormers and spacing.<\/p>\n<h3>Exemptions<\/h3>\n<p>All states provide for exemptions, for example where heritage protection stands in the way, the roof is technically unsuitable or the system would not be economically justifiable. Solar thermal usually counts towards the duty. Each state decides for itself how exemptions are assessed. What the duty means when you re-roof is explained in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-panels-and-roof-renovation\/\">solar panels and roof renovation<\/a>, and for Bremen in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-systems-bremen\/\">solar systems in Bremen<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>How Do These Laws Affect the Profitability of PV Systems?<\/h2>\n<p>All in all, the laws shift the value of a solar system further and further from feed-in to self-consumption:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Falling feed-in tariff:<\/strong> power you feed in earns less and less, while power you use yourself saves the full electricity price.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Solar Peak Act:<\/strong> without a smart meter and battery, part of the midday power is lost or not paid for.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tax exemption:<\/strong> 0 percent VAT lowers the investment, and the income is tax-free for most private systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As a guide: a 10 kWp system from us costs around \u20ac14,500 to \u20ac17,500 without a battery and \u20ac22,200 to \u20ac26,700 with a BYD battery, both at 0 percent VAT. There is no government grant for private PV systems. What drives the costs is explained in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-panel-costs\/\">solar panel costs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What funding and tax benefits are available?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0 % VAT:<\/strong> since 1 January 2023, the supply and installation of PV systems and batteries on or near residential buildings has been exempt from VAT (\u00a7 12 (3) UStG). Systems up to 30 kWp automatically meet the conditions. More in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/photovoltaic-system-vat\/\">photovoltaic systems and VAT<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Income tax exemption:<\/strong> income from systems up to 30 kWp per residential or commercial unit is tax-free under \u00a7 3 No. 72 EStG, up to 100 kWp per taxpayer. Details in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/tax-free-photovoltaic-system\/\">tax-free photovoltaic system<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>KfW loan 270:<\/strong> a low-interest loan, not a grant. It must be applied for before the project starts. More in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/kfw-photovoltaic-system-funding\/\">KfW funding for photovoltaics<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Regional programmes:<\/strong> in the Hannover region, for example, there are proKlima DachVollToll and Region Hannover&#8217;s Dach-Solar programme, both for existing buildings and while funds last. More in <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/solar-systems-hannover-funding\/\">solar funding in Hannover<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An overview of all programmes can be found on our page about <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/are-there-subsidies-for-solar-panels-in-germany\/\">solar panel subsidies<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What are your obligations as a system operator?<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Registration with the grid operator:<\/strong> before commissioning, in line with the grid operator&#8217;s technical connection conditions (TAB).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Installation to standard:<\/strong> by a qualified electrician, among other things in line with VDE-AR-N 4105 for generating systems on the low-voltage grid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entry in the Marktstammdatenregister:<\/strong> within one month of commissioning, otherwise the payment can be reduced.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check whether a solar duty applies:<\/strong> for new builds or roof renovations, depending on the state.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>When we build your system, we handle the registration with the grid operator and the entry in the Marktstammdatenregister for you.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions about solar energy laws in Germany<\/h2>\n        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>What happens if my new system has no smart meter?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUnder the Solar Peak Act, new systems without a smart metering system and control device may feed in a maximum of 60 percent of their output. With a battery and energy management you can use the rest yourself. For systems above 7 kW, the metering point operator has to install a smart metering system anyway.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Can I avoid the solar duty?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOnly in the cases provided for by the relevant state law, for example where heritage protection stands in the way, the roof is technically unsuitable or the system would not be economically justifiable. Solar thermal usually counts towards it. How an exemption is proven differs from state to state, so ask the building authority early on.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Is there a solar duty in Lower Saxony?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYes. Under \u00a7 32a NBauO, new buildings with at least 50 m\u00b2 of roof area must have photovoltaics on at least half of the roof area, for residential buildings since 1 January 2025. Since that date, this also applies when the roof covering is renewed on at least 50 m\u00b2.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Do I have to register my PV system?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYes, twice: with the grid operator before commissioning and in the Federal Network Agency's Marktstammdatenregister within one month afterwards. When we install your system, we take care of both for you.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Do I have to pay tax on my solar system?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFor most private systems, no. Supply and installation on residential buildings are charged at 0 percent VAT, and income from systems up to 30 kWp per residential or commercial unit is income-tax-free under \u00a7 3 No. 72 EStG.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Is there a government grant for private PV systems?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNo, there is no federal grant for private PV systems or batteries. The federal government supports them through the tax exemption and the low-interest KfW 270 loan. There are also regional programmes, for example in the Hannover region, mostly only for existing buildings.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3>Is it worth commissioning the system before 2027?<\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSystems commissioned by 31 December 2026 secure the fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years. For later systems, the federal government's cabinet draft plans a new model with a shorter payment period; it has not been passed yet.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n\t\t\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n\t\t\"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n\t\t\"mainEntity\": [\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"What happens if my new system has no smart meter?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Under the Solar Peak Act, new systems without a smart metering system and control device may feed in a maximum of 60 percent of their output. With a battery and energy management you can use the rest yourself. For systems above 7 kW, the metering point operator has to install a smart metering system anyway.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Can I avoid the solar duty?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Only in the cases provided for by the relevant state law, for example where heritage protection stands in the way, the roof is technically unsuitable or the system would not be economically justifiable. Solar thermal usually counts towards it. How an exemption is proven differs from state to state, so ask the building authority early on.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Is there a solar duty in Lower Saxony?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Yes. Under \u00a7 32a NBauO, new buildings with at least 50 m\u00b2 of roof area must have photovoltaics on at least half of the roof area, for residential buildings since 1 January 2025. Since that date, this also applies when the roof covering is renewed on at least 50 m\u00b2.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Do I have to register my PV system?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Yes, twice: with the grid operator before commissioning and in the Federal Network Agency's Marktstammdatenregister within one month afterwards. When we install your system, we take care of both for you.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Do I have to pay tax on my solar system?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"For most private systems, no. Supply and installation on residential buildings are charged at 0 percent VAT, and income from systems up to 30 kWp per residential or commercial unit is income-tax-free under \u00a7 3 No. 72 EStG.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Is there a government grant for private PV systems?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"No, there is no federal grant for private PV systems or batteries. The federal government supports them through the tax exemption and the low-interest KfW 270 loan. There are also regional programmes, for example in the Hannover region, mostly only for existing buildings.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Is it worth commissioning the system before 2027?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Systems commissioned by 31 December 2026 secure the fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years. For later systems, the federal government's cabinet draft plans a new model with a shorter payment period; it has not been passed yet.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t    ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<p>Would you like to know which rules apply to your roof and whether a system pays off for you? We advise you free of charge, plan the system to suit the solar duty and grid connection, and take care of all registrations. <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/free-photovoltaic-quote\/\">Request a free, no-obligation quote now<\/a> or call us on <a href=\"tel:+495113360603\">0511 3360603<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note: This article provides a general overview (as of October 2026) and does not replace tax or legal advice.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Solar energy laws in Germany, explained simply: anyone planning a photovoltaic system&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":12290,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[488],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guides-fundamentals"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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