{"id":12310,"date":"2025-09-26T23:11:28","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T21:11:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/?p=12310"},"modified":"2025-09-26T23:17:25","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T21:17:25","slug":"how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/","title":{"rendered":"How many solar panels are needed for a house in Germany?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_do_you_calculate_the_energy_demand_of_a_house_in_Germany\" >How do you calculate the energy demand of a house in Germany?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#What_factors_influence_the_number_of_solar_panels_needed\" >What factors influence the number of solar panels needed?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#What_is_the_power_output_of_a_typical_solar_panel\" >What is the power output of a typical solar panel?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_do_roof_size_and_orientation_affect_the_number_of_panels\" >How do roof size and orientation affect the number of panels?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_many_solar_panels_are_needed_for_single-family_homes\" >How many solar panels are needed for single-family homes?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#What_are_the_differences_between_multi-family_and_commercial_buildings\" >What are the differences between multi-family and commercial buildings?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_to_optimize_your_solar_system_for_maximum_self-consumption\" >How to optimize your solar system for maximum self-consumption?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#What_role_does_a_battery_storage_system_play_in_panel_planning\" >What role does a battery storage system play in panel planning?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_do_incentives_and_feed-in_tariffs_affect_planning\" >How do incentives and feed-in tariffs affect planning?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#Common_mistakes_when_choosing_solar_panels\" >Common mistakes when choosing solar panels<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#How_do_I_calculate_the_ideal_number_of_solar_panels_for_my_home\" >How do I calculate the ideal number of solar panels for my home?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/how-many-solar-panels-are-needed-for-a-house-in-germany\/#Can_I_expand_the_number_of_solar_panels_later_on\" >Can I expand the number of solar panels later on?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Many homeowners in Germany wonder how many solar panels they need to cover their electricity demand. The right number depends on factors such as roof size, orientation, energy consumption, and storage solutions. In this article, you will learn how to calculate your individual requirements, compare typical panel sizes, and efficiently plan your <a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/complete-photovoltaic-system\/\">photovoltaic system<\/a>. You will receive practical tips to reduce costs, increase self-consumption, and optimize government incentives.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_you_calculate_the_energy_demand_of_a_house_in_Germany\"><\/span>How do you calculate the energy demand of a house in Germany?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Energy demand is the basis for every solar system plan.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Average consumption: A single-family home in Germany consumes between 3,000 and 5,000 kWh per year.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Create an electricity balance: Add up all electrical devices, lighting, heating pumps, and electric vehicles if applicable.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Daily and annual consumption: Check how much electricity you need in summer vs. winter, as PV systems generate more electricity in summer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example calculation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">A household with 4 people consumes 4,200 kWh annually<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">A standard solar panel produces about 350 Wp<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">With 1,000 sunlight hours per year in Germany, one panel produces around 350 kWh<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">4,200 \u00f7 350 \u2248 12 panels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_factors_influence_the_number_of_solar_panels_needed\"><\/span>What factors influence the number of solar panels needed?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Roof area: The larger the roof, the more panels fit<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Roof orientation and tilt: South or southwest-facing roofs offer the highest efficiency<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Shading: Trees, neighboring buildings, or chimneys reduce performance<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panel efficiency: High-performance panels require less space<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Self-consumption vs. feed-in: The more electricity is used directly, the fewer panels are needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_power_output_of_a_typical_solar_panel\"><\/span>What is the power output of a typical solar panel?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Standard residential panels produce 300\u2013400 Wp<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">High-performance panels can reach up to 500 Wp<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The output per panel determines how many panels are needed in total<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example calculation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Annual consumption: 4,200 kWh<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panel 350 Wp \u2192 produces about 350 kWh per year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">4,200 \u00f7 350 = 12 panels<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">High-performance panels 450 Wp \u2192 4,200 \u00f7 450 \u2248 9\u201310 panels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_roof_size_and_orientation_affect_the_number_of_panels\"><\/span>How do roof size and orientation affect the number of panels?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Roof size: A 40 m\u00b2 roof can accommodate 12\u201315 standard panels<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Roof pitch: 30\u201335\u00b0 is optimal in Germany<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Orientation: South-facing provides the highest efficiency; east or west-facing roofs produce about 10\u201320% less<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_many_solar_panels_are_needed_for_single-family_homes\"><\/span>How many solar panels are needed for single-family homes?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The number depends heavily on energy consumption and roof size<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Average household: 4,000\u20135,000 kWh per year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panel size: Standard 350 Wp<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Calculation: Annual consumption \u00f7 panel output<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Consumption: 4,200 kWh<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panel: 350 Wp \u2192 350 kWh per year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panels: 4,200 \u00f7 350 \u2248 12 panels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example 2 (optimized self-consumption)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Consumption: 4,500 kWh<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panels: 15 \u00d7 350 Wp \u2192 5,250 kWh per year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Advantage: 85% self-consumption; surplus is fed into the grid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Note: Homes with small roofs may need higher-power panels or partial coverage.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_differences_between_multi-family_and_commercial_buildings\"><\/span>What are the differences between multi-family and commercial buildings?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Multi-family buildings: Higher electricity demand per building \u2192 typically 20\u201350 panels<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Commercial buildings: Very high demand \u2192 50\u2013200 panels depending on operations<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Larger roof area: Possibility for PV systems of 50\u2013200 kWp<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Shading considerations: Chimneys, roof structures, neighboring buildings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Commercial example<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Consumption: 60,000 kWh\/year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panel: 400 Wp \u2192 ~400 kWh per year per panel<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Panels needed: 60,000 \u00f7 400 = 150 panels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tip: Commercial systems combine PV with storage to cover peak loads.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_optimize_your_solar_system_for_maximum_self-consumption\"><\/span>How to optimize your solar system for maximum self-consumption?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Integrate storage solutions: Batteries allow the use of generated electricity at night<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Load management: Run washing machines, dryers, or electric cars when PV electricity is available<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Smart home integration: Incorporate PV output into device scheduling<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Increase self-consumption: 60\u201380% self-consumption is realistic with modern technology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">A household generates 5,000 kWh per year<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">3,000 kWh self-consumed \u2192 2,000 kWh fed into the grid<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">With a battery, self-consumption can rise to 70\u201375%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_role_does_a_battery_storage_system_play_in_panel_planning\"><\/span>What role does a battery storage system play in panel planning?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Storage reduces grid dependency<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Larger storage means fewer panels theoretically need to feed into the grid<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Combining PV output and storage size optimizes cost-effectiveness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Calculation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Household: 4,200 kWh consumption<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">5 kWh storage \u2192 stores 20\u201325% of daily demand<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Storage plus PV reduces grid usage, but total panels for annual demand remain nearly the same<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tip: A 10 kWh battery covers about 50% of a 4-person household\u2019s daily consumption.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_incentives_and_feed-in_tariffs_affect_planning\"><\/span>How do incentives and feed-in tariffs affect planning?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pvprosolar.de\/en\/renewable-energy-sources-act\/\">EEG<\/a> 2023\/24 regulates feed-in tariffs in Germany<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Storage incentives from KfW and local programs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Economic calculation: self-consumption + incentives vs. grid feed-in<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">5 kWp PV system \u2192 ~4,500 kWh annual yield<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Self-consumption 60% \u2192 savings ~\u20ac1,800<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Feed-in 40% \u2192 remuneration ~\u20ac500 per year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tip: Incentives reduce upfront costs and make PV projects more profitable.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_mistakes_when_choosing_solar_panels\"><\/span>Common mistakes when choosing solar panels<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Incorrect calculation of energy consumption<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Ignoring roof size and orientation<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Not accounting for shading<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Failing to include a storage system<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Underestimating self-consumption rates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tip: Seek professional advice to ensure planning and installation are optimal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The right number of solar panels for your house depends on many variables. Energy demand, roof size, orientation, storage solutions, and incentives all play a crucial role. With careful planning, you can maximize your PV system efficiency and save costs long-term. Consider all factors and consult professionals to find the optimal solution for your home and make the transition to renewable energy successful.<\/p>\n        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_I_calculate_the_ideal_number_of_solar_panels_for_my_home\"><\/span>How do I calculate the ideal number of solar panels for my home?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTake into account your energy consumption, roof area, orientation, and panel efficiency. Use online calculators or consult a professional for accurate planning.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t        <section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n            <div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_I_expand_the_number_of_solar_panels_later_on\"><\/span>Can I expand the number of solar panels later on?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>                <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYes. Modern systems are modular and can be expanded. Be sure to plan by preparing the storage capacity and wiring accordingly.                    <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/section>\n\t\t\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n\t\t\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n\t\t\"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n\t\t\"mainEntity\": [\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"How do I calculate the ideal number of solar panels for my home?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Take into account your energy consumption, roof area, orientation, and panel efficiency. Use online calculators or consult a professional for accurate planning.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Can I expand the number of solar panels later on?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"Yes. Modern systems are modular and can be expanded. 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